Birth to 3 Years – Cognitive Development
18/11/2025 2026-05-11 7:29
Birth to 3 Years – Cognitive Development
CHILD DEVELOPMENT - BIRTH TO 3 YEARS
PART 2 - COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in thinking, perceiving, acquiring and organising knowledge. In the first three years of life, cognitive development occurs in three ways: sensorimotor intelligence, perception and language.
Sensorimotor Intelligence
Sensorimotor intelligence refers to learning more through the senses and the development of motor skills than by listening and talking. According to Piaget, a famous psychologist, until infants develop language they think and learn best with their senses and their motor skills. Piaget believed that this sensorimotor intelligence happened in six stages:
- In the first two stages infants learn through their bodies such as sucking, touching and grabbing surrounding objects.
- In the third and fourth stages from four to eight months infants start to respond to people and objects and learn how to make interesting experiences happen repeatedly. E.g if the child throws a ball and a dog fetches it they laugh and throw it again. The child has learned to focus on something that catches her interest.
- The fifth and the sixth stages happen from twelve to eighteen months. Piaget described this time as the little scientist stage, when the infant begins to experiment, plan and carry out things. E.g tapping a xylophone with a stick to hear the noise.
Thoughts
Many researchers, including Maria Montessori, found that thinking depended on previous experience, opportunity to learn, and ability to remember. Recent researchers found that while all children develop sensorimotor intelligence, it doesn’t happen for every child in the same way. Studies have found that such things as race, family, culture, income and individual differences affect the development of cognition. E.g how would the learning of a child be affected if parents became angry every time a noise is made with the xylophone?
Perception
The second important part of cognitive development is perception, the organizing and understanding of information from the senses. Eleanor and James Gibson, two of the researchers who studied perception in the late 20th century, suggested that perception does not happen automatically in the same way for everyone, but happens as a result of a selection from a wide range of possible responses. They suggested that everything in an infant’s surroundings gives her many chances to develop. Everything an infant perceives will be affected by past experiences, present needs and the infant’s understanding of possibilities.
Evidence
The Gibsons believed that infants also need to grasp something they are perceiving so that they learn to organise many sensations and perceptions at once, such as touching, looking, tasting, hitting and shaking. They can also use the information from one sense to anticipate something in another sense. E.g by just sucking on something newborns could perceive information about it. Does it taste good, what shape and size it was, and whether it was hard or soft.
Eleanor Gibson is best known for designing a “cliff experiment” that showed that infants have depth perception. She placed infants (the youngest 6 months old and the oldest 14 months old) on a sheet of plate glass placed on a table and extending beyond the table’s edge. Most of the infants would not crawl past the edge of the glass “cliff”, even when enticed with a favourite object or person.
Like Montessori, the Gibsons discovered that infants learn very quickly to organise people and things by color, size, shape, taste, and even by whether they appear male or female. For example what happens when an one year old holds an unpeeled banana for the first time? They may have many perceptions. A child may look at the banana carefully, bang it a few times on the table, then put it in their mouth. If they have eaten bananas before so they would know the fruit. While chewing the banana, they could find out that the skin is hard not soft. When it’s squeezed the child discovers that the edible banana is inside the skin. This chance to explore and experience will affect the child’s behaviour the next time they are given an unpeeled banana.
Language
The third part of cognitive development is language. It refers to how living beings communicate with each other, whether by making sounds, forming words and sentences, making gestures and facial expressions, or doing certain actions. Language is affected by both sensorimotor intelligence and perception. Montessori found that the time between one and two years old is the time of the second sensitive period, when children are absorbed in acquiring language and fascinated by listening to and replicating sounds.
Many researchers besides Montessori such as Noa Chomsky and B.F. Skinner, explored how language develops. Skinner believed that children learn to talk because they are rewarded for making sounds and saying certain words. He called this way of learning conditioning, gradual training using stimulus response and reinforcement. When an infant learns that every time she makes the sound “da-da”, her parents smile and repeat the sound back to her. Gradually, she learns that saying “da-da” gets the attention of her father especially.
Theories
According to Skinner and other researchers, an infant is most likely to develop language if her parents reward her first sounds that sound like words and repeat them back to her. If her parents make fun of the words or ignore them or correct them the child may be slow to develop language. She may never add as many words as an infant whose parents are encouraging. Skinner and other researchers also found that infants learn by association. For example, if the child’s parents make a habit of naming such things as food, toys, pictures in books, and pieces of clothing, the infant will soon learn to link things with their names. This training will later support the reading process.
Chomsky’s ideas are a bit different from Skinner’s. Chomsky believes that heredity determines how and when infants learn to use language. According to his ideas and other researchers, an infant’s understanding of the basic structure of language is present at her birth. On the other hand she has to learn vocabulary and grammar. This inborn human ability is called a Language Acquisition Device (LAD). They believe that as an infant develops the LAD develops and that the LAD develops around the same time in infants all over the world.
Stages
The ecological approach popular nowadays combines the ideas of Chomsky and Skinner and believe that most children regardless of the country they live they develop language in nine steps. Even though most infants go through the nine steps, each infant develops language differently from other infants depending on heredity, physical growth and experience with others. In a typical infant, the language development may look this way:
- As a newborn she communicates by reflex. For example she cries when she is hungry.
- At two moths, she begins to make a wider range of noises. She coos, fusses, laugs, and gurgles.
- From three to six months, she adds more new sounds and makes her first vowel sounds (a, e, I, o, u).
- From six to ten months, she adds more vowel sounds and begins to repeat sounds (for example, “da-da-da-da”, “ma-ma”, “ba-ba”), especially is she is encouraged to repeat them. She also makes her first consonant sounds which around the world are m.p,b,t and d.
- At ten months, she understands simple words such as “no” and “bye”. She can now say words, but often only her parents know what she means. She also points when she wants something.
- At one year, she says her first recognizable words, usually a single word to stand for a complete thought. For example, she says “bye-bye” both to say goodbye to a family friend and to express sadness about a parent leaving.
- From twelve to eighteen months, she gradually increases her vocabulary to about 50 words.
- From sixteen to eighteen months, she adds words rapidly and use two or three words to make a sentence. For example she says “dog go”.
- At two years old, she can say over 200 words and use sentences that contain grammar.
In order for an infant to be able to say over 200 words and use sentences she needs to train, practice and communicate with others throughout each of the nine stages described above. Montessori suggests that parents should first catch the child’s attention, smile and use a quiet tone, simple words and short sentences.
Finally
As the child becomes older and starts to say first words, the parents begin to carry a conversation with her. This kind of practice in attentive two way interaction helps children to listen when someone talks, learn how people talk to each other and identify the words that are important to the people around her. At the same time she learns that what she communicates affects other people. This learning in turn affects how she learns to develop relationships with others.
Great Minds ECC Team
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The parent’s guide to moving with children
WHAT TO DO BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER Before the move: setting the foundation Children pick up far more from how their parents feel than from what their parents say — especially before age five, when emotion carries more weight than information. If you’re tense, they’ll attach that tension to the move. If you can hold space for excitement and honesty, they’ll learn to do the same. A few things to keep in mind: Include them in the conversation, at every age. Even babies benefit from being spoken to as part of the family’s plans. The level of detail changes with age, but the principle doesn’t: the more children understand what’s happening, the safer they tend to feel. Be realistic, not aspirational. It’s tempting to promise that everything will be bigger, better, happier in the new home. But children remember promises, and you can’t guarantee how they’ll feel. Saying “we’re going to be so happy there” sets up a standard that may not match reality. Instead, try: “I’m going to miss this house and everything we did here, and I’m also looking forward to new experiences in the next one.” That acknowledges loss without adding anxiety. Don’t minimise what’s being left behind. A child’s home or room is their safe space. Treating that lightly, even with the best intentions, can make the transition harder. Show them what’s coming. Visit the new home if possible, or share photos if not. The more concrete it feels, the less frightening it becomes. Pack the things and beings that hold them steady. A favourite blanket, a familiar toy, the mobile from above the crib. These aren’t just things; they’re anchors of safety in a season of change. Where you can, involve your child in choosing what comes with them, it gives them a small but meaningful sense of control. Pets are also a part of the support system. If they can come, bring them. If they can’t, make sure to give your child time & space to say goodbye properly. During the move: what reassurance actually looks like Moving day is rarely calm. Routines break, energy is high, and parents are often running on adrenaline. Here’s what helps children feel held through it. Make space for goodbyes, sentiment and all. Saying goodbye to the room, the house, the people, this is sentimental, and that’s exactly why it matters. It’s how children process change. Let them choose what travels with them. A small bag of items they pick themselves can make a long journey feel less like a loss. A favourite stuffed animal, a book they love, a pillowcase that smells like home. Familiar pieces of their world that remind them, even in unfamiliar surroundings, that some things stay the same. Watch for changes, but don’t panic. Unusual behaviour, lethargy, and even minor physical symptoms can show up during disruption. This isn’t necessarily a red flag, it’s a signal to slow down, ask gentle questions, and offer extra closeness. An extra hug, an extra few minutes of attention, an extra bit of quiet time together can all help. Pay attention to the meaning behind the question. Children often communicate what they need indirectly. A logistical-sounding question may carry an emotional one underneath. One example: a child moving from their rented apartment to a new purchased home in the same area asked, “Why can’t we just buy this apartment instead?” On the surface, a practical question. Underneath, a clear message: I want to stay where I feel safe. Open questions deserve open answers. Regulate your own emotions, again. Worth repeating from the section before, because it’s possibly the single most important thing a parent can do during a move. Your child’s nervous system is reading yours. The calmer you can be, even when you’re working at it, the more reassurance your child receives. After the move: the season most people underestimate The boxes are unpacked. The new chapter is just beginning, and the gentlest part of the work often starts here. Let routines find their shape. Predictability is what helps children feel safe in new surroundings, but routines don’t need to fall into place overnight. Small consistencies help, mealtimes, bedtime stories, a regular weekend walk. Over time, these small repetitions become the foundation of feeling at home. Involve them in shaping the new space. Choosing furniture, deciding where things go, picking out their room. These small choices help your child feel the new home is theirs too, not just somewhere they’ve been brought to. Keep the old connections close, especially at first. This isn’t about replacing the old support system with a new one, both can coexist. In the early weeks, more frequent video calls with friends and family from the old home can ease the transition. As your child begins to settle, that contact will naturally find a gentler rhythm. Don’t force happiness. A nicer home doesn’t erase what was left behind. Both feelings can exist at once, and both deserve acknowledgement. Recreate anchors of familiarity. Continuity in small things helps make change in big things easier. If your child had a regular activity, a sport, a class, anything that gave their week structure, try to find something similar in the new place. The same applies to parents: your own stability and continuity are part of what helps your child settle. When parents feel grounded, children feel it. Adjustment takes the time it takes. There’s no fixed timeline. Some children adjust within weeks, others take many months, some longer. It depends on the family, the child, the type of move, and dozens of variables that are different in every household. The most helpful thing a parent can do is meet the situation as it is, rather than measure it against an expected pace. Let go of the phrase “kids adjust easily.” Some do. Many don’t. Saying it out loud can lead to skipping over parts of the process children actually need to feel. When you invite your child to share their feelings, return the openness.

COMMUNICATING WITH YOUNG CHILDREN THE MONTESSORI WAY
Communicating the Montessori way involves more than words and tone. It involves attitude, body language and actions responsive to the children and their needs. The following list gives some of the important ways of communicating the Montessori way in Great Minds early Childhood Center:

Birth to 3 Years – Cognitive Development
Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in thinking, perceiving, and acquiring and organising knowledge. In the first three years of life, cognition develops in three ways: Sensorimotor intelligence, perception and language.